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class="news_txt"><section><p><img src="/96/202103/f0c3af8f1b39c403.jpg" data-filename=""></p><section><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">3月15日</span></div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><div style="text-align: center;">《經(jīng)濟(jì)參考報(bào)》刊發(fā)文章</div></span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><div style="text-align: center;">聚焦云南魯?shù)榈卣鹧呷兩肀澈蟮墓适?/div></span><br></section><p><img src="/8c/202103/f18f42db33f2fff7.png"></p><section data-support="96編輯器" data-style-id="24515"><section><section><section><br></section><section><p><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">經(jīng)過數(shù)年的恢復(fù)重建，云南省昭通市魯?shù)榭h龍頭山鎮(zhèn)已從6.5級(jí)地震中重生。在數(shù)公里外的牛欄江河谷中，一江碧水被長約1公里的堰塞壩攔腰截住，猶如利刃劈開的山體上已經(jīng)布滿防護(hù)網(wǎng)，下游的水輪機(jī)靜靜地轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)葉片。截至2020年底，光明水電廠已發(fā)電2億度。</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section><img src="/98/202103/2d069c8f55f870e9.jpg"></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">圖為空中俯瞰紅石巖堰塞湖綜合水利樞紐工程。江文耀攝</span></section><section><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">這就是2014年8月3日魯?shù)?.5級(jí)地震形成的牛欄江紅石巖堰塞湖，通過科研工作者、設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)、施工單位等不懈努力，如今已變?yōu)榧l(fā)電、灌溉等為一體的綜合水利樞紐。</span></section><section><br></section><p></p><div style="text-align: center;"><strong style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">短短6年多時(shí)間</span></strong></div><strong><div style="text-align: center;"><strong style="text-indent: 2em;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">牛欄江紅石巖堰塞湖何以開創(chuàng)了</span></strong></div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><strong style="text-indent: 2em;">“應(yīng)急搶險(xiǎn)-后續(xù)處置-整治利用”</strong></div></span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><strong style="text-indent: 2em;">一體化利用工程的先例</strong></div></span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><strong style="text-indent: 2em;">成為化害為利、轉(zhuǎn)危為機(jī)的樣本？</strong></div></span></strong><p></p><section><br></section><section><img src="/96/202103/f0c3af8f1b39c403.jpg"></section><section style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">圖為空中俯瞰紅石巖堰塞湖綜合水利樞紐工程。江文耀攝</span><br></section><section><br></section><section data-support="96編輯器" data-style-id="28452"><section><section><section><p style="text-align: center; "><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">奇跡背后的難題</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section><p><br></p></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">2014年8月3日，魯?shù)榭h火德紅鎮(zhèn)紅石巖村，山體崩塌堵塞牛欄江，形成巨大的堰塞湖，水位快速抬升，成為地震搶險(xiǎn)救災(zāi)的主要難題之一。</span><br><br></section><section data-support="96編輯器" data-style-id="23889"><section><section><section><section><br></section><section><section><section><section><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">極大——</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">堰塞湖總庫容2.6億立方米，堰塞體總方量約為1000萬立方米，屬大型堰塞湖；</span><br><br></section><section><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">極險(xiǎn)——</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">危險(xiǎn)級(jí)別為極高級(jí)，嚴(yán)重威脅4縣區(qū)3萬余人生命財(cái)產(chǎn)、3.3萬畝耕地安全；</span><br><br></section><section><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">極難——</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">采取工程措施排險(xiǎn)，需要搶通震毀公路，讓大型設(shè)備進(jìn)入堰塞體，同時(shí)水位還在不斷上升。</span></section></section></section></section><section><br></section></section></section></section></section><section><p></p></section><p><br></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">一場排危搶險(xiǎn)決戰(zhàn)就此打響。經(jīng)過解放軍、武警和民兵預(yù)備役部隊(duì)1100多名官兵的緊張奮戰(zhàn)，紅石巖堰塞湖泄流槽于2014年8月12日全面打通，險(xiǎn)情基本排除。當(dāng)年10月3日，紅石巖堰塞湖后續(xù)處置任務(wù)完成，險(xiǎn)情進(jìn)一步緩解。</span><br><br></p><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">但在應(yīng)急排險(xiǎn)和后續(xù)處置兩個(gè)階段后，堰塞湖的情況并不意味著萬事大吉，仍是懸在災(zāi)區(qū)人民頭上的一把利劍。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">當(dāng)時(shí)，紅石巖堰塞湖形成后，水位急劇上漲，上游會(huì)澤、魯?shù)閮煽h牛欄江沿岸5000多畝土地及居民房屋被淹沒，近4000名群眾臨時(shí)安置在堰塞湖附近村莊或公路路邊，亟待恢復(fù)正常的生產(chǎn)生活。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">“搶險(xiǎn)處置后，紅石巖堰塞湖也僅能滿足全年常年洪水標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的度汛要求，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)很低，到次年汛期如遇較大洪水，將對(duì)上游部分居民和小巖頭電站造成淹沒，加劇庫區(qū)地質(zhì)災(zāi)害的發(fā)生。當(dāng)時(shí)，堰塞湖仍威脅著下游沿江兩岸的魯?shù)椤⑶杉摇⒄殃柸h（區(qū)）10個(gè)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)、3萬余人、3萬畝耕地、3個(gè)水電站的安全。”云南水投牛欄江堰塞湖工程建設(shè)有限公司董事長李釗說。</span><br><div style="text-align: center;"><br></div></section><section data-support="96編輯器" data-style-id="28452"><section><section><section><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">“破”與“立”之間</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section><p><br></p></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">站在堰塞體上眺望，堰塞湖左岸是魯?shù)榭h火德紅鎮(zhèn)，右岸是巧家縣包谷垴鄉(xiāng)，一片片新房掩映在綠樹叢中。環(huán)顧兩側(cè)，壁立千仞。山體崩塌后，堰塞湖兩岸形成了負(fù)角度的陡峭巖壁，高達(dá)600米，猶如一片片巨大的利刃插在山體上。</span><br><br></section><section><img src="/ac/202103/23250835beadbf44.jpg"></section><section><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">圖為堰塞湖右岸邊坡臨邊松散體清除。張艷華攝</span></div><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">從地質(zhì)勘探圖上可以看出，堰塞壩的前方、后方、左岸、右岸乃至下游，都存在崩塌體或堆積體。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">李釗介紹，地震引起的堰塞湖地質(zhì)災(zāi)害問題嚴(yán)重。堰塞體右岸崩塌形成了高達(dá)600米的邊坡，危巖體不斷坍塌和崩落，“堰塞湖庫區(qū)發(fā)育有12個(gè)滑坡、7個(gè)崩堆積體、14處不穩(wěn)定斜坡及4條泥石流溝。這些不良地質(zhì)體對(duì)堰塞體、堰塞湖庫周居民安全均存在巨大的威脅，必須盡快整治。”他說。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">由于堰塞體方量大，堆積體高約102米，加之周圍交通不便，堰塞湖難以通過拆除方式恢復(fù)天然河流狀態(tài)。專家認(rèn)為，受制于紅石巖堰塞湖的地質(zhì)、地形、地貌等，常規(guī)方案不是消除隱患的最優(yōu)解，但堰塞湖也具備綜合利用的條件。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">根據(jù)測量，堰塞體迎水面寬闊約286米，背水面狹窄，約78米。“這個(gè)寬窄比大約為3.7∶1，經(jīng)過我們計(jì)算分析，在堰頂不漫流的情況下，堰塞體基本穩(wěn)定，一般情況不會(huì)被沖刷導(dǎo)致潰堰。同時(shí)，應(yīng)急搶險(xiǎn)及后續(xù)處置階段開挖的泄流槽與原紅石巖電站引水隧洞可以派上用場，這就為后期永久整治創(chuàng)造了有利施工條件。”紅石巖堰塞湖整治工程副總設(shè)計(jì)師洪振偉介紹。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">據(jù)洪振偉、李釗介紹，在紅石巖堰塞湖整治工程可行性研究的“破”和“立”之間，專家組給出“立”的方案，即將地震造成的紅石巖堰塞湖整治成綜合水利設(shè)施，涉及了由堰塞壩、高邊坡治理、右岸溢洪洞、右岸泄洪沖沙放空洞、右岸引水發(fā)電建筑物、下游供水及灌溉建筑物等組成的整治工程。</span><br><br></section><section><img src="/1d/202103/eb8ad816a054e5a4.jpg"></section><section><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">圖為溢洪洞出口。黃毅攝</span></div><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">此外，永久整治方案可建成一座20.1萬千瓦裝機(jī)容量的光明水電站，還可以通過電站重建融資貸款解決投資資金缺口，建成后通過售電收入維持項(xiàng)目運(yùn)營。</span><br><br></section><section data-support="96編輯器" data-style-id="28452"><section><section><section><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">“逆向建壩”破局</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section><p><br></p></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">紅石巖堰塞湖整治技術(shù)難度大，國內(nèi)外均無類似工程經(jīng)驗(yàn)。施工團(tuán)隊(duì)介紹，通常情況下建設(shè)大型水利樞紐工程，都是遵循截流、開挖、筑壩及防滲的順序。但把紅石巖堰塞湖整治成兼具灌溉、發(fā)電和防洪等效益的綜合水利樞紐工程，意味著“逆向建壩”。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">“作為一個(gè)非常規(guī)項(xiàng)目，工程地處地震頻發(fā)地區(qū)，整治技術(shù)難度大，沒有先例可以借鑒。”李釗坦言，堰塞體右岸高邊坡治理和堰塞體防滲工程是“除害興利”路上最大的兩只“攔路虎”。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">為了解決好堰塞湖整治過程中出現(xiàn)的重大技術(shù)難題，堰塞湖公司委托水利部水利水電規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)總院承擔(dān)全過程的技術(shù)咨詢，同時(shí)依托以馬洪琪院士為組長、陳祖煜院士、鈕新強(qiáng)院士為主要成員的高層次專家團(tuán)隊(duì)，全面提升咨詢服務(wù)水平。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">為了將堰塞湖整治這張藍(lán)圖繪到烏蒙大地上，來自全國五湖四海的“水利人”齊聚于此。李明宇是中國電建集團(tuán)中國水電基礎(chǔ)局有限公司紅石巖堰塞湖項(xiàng)目經(jīng)理，他從業(yè)20年，做過10余件大中型水利水電工程，但面對(duì)這個(gè)堰塞湖還是第一次。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">首先是施工工藝上的顛覆。“防滲墻做好了，堰塞體才能變?yōu)閴误w，這種逆向的防滲施工比新建一座大壩困難得多。”李明宇說。</span><br><br></section><section><img src="/01/202103/134686bfa6251a47.jpg"></section><section><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">圖為堰塞壩防滲墻施工。張艷華攝</span></div><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">其次是堰塞體構(gòu)成復(fù)雜，看上去好像把牛欄江堵得嚴(yán)嚴(yán)實(shí)實(shí)，但夾雜著大量孤石，架空現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重，最大的孤石有五六層樓那么高。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">面對(duì)上述困難，設(shè)計(jì)單位充分計(jì)算論證，防滲墻施工前采用預(yù)爆預(yù)灌等工藝，首先爆破堰塞體內(nèi)部的巨石，又從頂部向內(nèi)澆灌混凝土，最終克服了137米堰塞體防滲墻施工難題，形成擋水堰塞壩。“這相當(dāng)于建設(shè)了一座‘地下長城’。”李明宇說。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">堰塞體右岸高邊坡治理也充滿驚險(xiǎn)。堰塞體右岸邊坡總高度約620米，現(xiàn)場施工過程中創(chuàng)新采用無人機(jī)測繪、三維激光掃描技術(shù)為邊坡設(shè)計(jì)提供技術(shù)支撐，確定了分區(qū)分期、削坡減載、混凝土封閉軟巖條帶等工程治理措施。</span><br><br></section><section><img src="/6e/202103/51b30dc2bcca709e.jpg"></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">圖為堰塞湖整治工程右岸高邊坡臨時(shí)棧道，離地面300余米。張艷華攝</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">“由于時(shí)間緊迫，右岸高邊坡整治工程就在震后支離破碎的山體中開始，安全隱患極大，只能邊研究、邊設(shè)計(jì)、邊施工。”云南建投集團(tuán)堰塞湖整治邊坡治理工程項(xiàng)目總工崔慶孔回憶，那時(shí)余震頻發(fā)，常常有石塊從堰塞體右岸高邊坡上滾落下來，給現(xiàn)場施工造成了極大的麻煩。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">面對(duì)刀削一般的陡崖，大型機(jī)械毫無用武之地，只能依靠“蜘蛛人”——工人系上安全繩從崖頂下去，進(jìn)行作業(yè)。直到“蜘蛛人”在巖壁上搭起棧道，才能上一些小型機(jī)械，施工進(jìn)度由此快了起來。</span><br><br></section><section><img src="/3e/202103/d35b6c6a5c5dc274.jpg"></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">圖為堰塞湖右岸高邊坡采取蜘蛛人方式掛網(wǎng)施工。張艷華攝</span><br><br></section><section><div style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">目前</span></strong></div><strong><div style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">堰塞湖的邊坡治理工作基本完成</span></strong></div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><strong>“除害”問題得到解決</strong></div></span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><strong>監(jiān)測數(shù)據(jù)顯示</strong></div></span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><strong>治理后的右岸高邊坡穩(wěn)定性良好</strong></div></span></strong><div style="text-align: center;"><br></div></section><section data-support="96編輯器" data-style-id="28452"><section><section><section><p style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">危局中開新局</span></strong></p></section></section></section></section><section><p><br></p></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">2019年12月，紅石巖堰塞湖整治工程順利下閘蓄水，2020年6月首臺(tái)機(jī)組順利并網(wǎng)發(fā)電，除害興利任務(wù)基本實(shí)現(xiàn)。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">在6年多時(shí)間內(nèi)，紅石巖堰塞湖成為“危機(jī)中育新機(jī)”的樣本，在國際學(xué)術(shù)和工程界產(chǎn)生了重要影響，全面提升了中國堰塞壩應(yīng)急處置與國家自然災(zāi)害防治技術(shù)能力，其中“堰塞壩應(yīng)急處置與綜合整治關(guān)鍵技術(shù)”獲2019年中國大壩工程學(xué)會(huì)科技進(jìn)步特等獎(jiǎng)。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">目前，紅石巖堰塞湖綜合水利樞紐工程僅僅發(fā)揮了防洪、部分發(fā)電的功效，等后續(xù)工程建設(shè)完成后，將更好地發(fā)揮灌溉、發(fā)電和旅游等綜合效益。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">牛欄江紅石巖堰塞湖所處河段水能資源集中，通過整治可形成庫容1.8億方的大二型水庫，建成的20.1萬千瓦裝機(jī)容量的光明水電站，平均每年可為當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣?huì)提供近7.9億度電的清潔能源。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">“目前僅有一臺(tái)機(jī)組運(yùn)行，今后3臺(tái)機(jī)組同時(shí)投入運(yùn)行后，將為當(dāng)?shù)丶霸颇鲜〉纳鐣?huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展提供更充足的清潔、優(yōu)質(zhì)能源。”光明水電廠廠長周平說。</span><br><br></section><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">灌溉工程竣工后，屆時(shí)可有效解決魯?shù)椤⑶杉摇⒄殃枀^(qū)相關(guān)鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)每年3.6萬畝耕地、4.5萬人、2萬頭牲畜的灌溉、飲用水問題，為當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣?huì)發(fā)展提供水源保障。</span><br><br></section><section><div style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">更重要的是</span></strong></div><strong><div style="text-align: center;"><strong><span style="font-size: 14px;">紅石巖堰塞湖整治工程</span></strong></div><span style="font-size: 14px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><strong>為堰塞壩應(yīng)急處置</strong></div></span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><strong>與我國自然災(zāi)害防治</strong></div></span><span style="font-size: 14px;"><div style="text-align: center;"><strong>帶來啟示</strong></div></span></strong><br></section><section data-support="96編輯器" data-style-id="23889"><section><section><section><section><br></section><section><section><section><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">魯?shù)闉?zāi)區(qū)重建以云南省為主，把自主權(quán)交給地方，重在發(fā)揮地方各級(jí)政府的主導(dǎo)作用和災(zāi)區(qū)群眾的主體作用，有助于調(diào)動(dòng)市場和社會(huì)各界力量，形成強(qiáng)大合力。云南建立了省級(jí)統(tǒng)籌、部門指導(dǎo)、市負(fù)總責(zé)、縣抓落實(shí)的重建機(jī)制。紅石巖堰塞湖治理同樣如此，云南水投牛欄江堰塞湖工程建設(shè)有限公司作為堰塞湖整治工程項(xiàng)目法人，多年來將一張藍(lán)圖繪到底。</span><br><br></p><p><span style="font-size: 14px;">李釗、洪振偉等人認(rèn)為，回顧我國堰塞湖應(yīng)急處置的歷程，從唐家山堰塞湖到紅石巖堰塞湖，我國堰塞湖應(yīng)急處置技術(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)了從無到有、從有到優(yōu)，在實(shí)際處置案例中，根據(jù)不同情況確立減災(zāi)或排險(xiǎn)、除害或興利的處置目標(biāo)體現(xiàn)了“因地制宜”處置大型堰塞湖的基本經(jīng)驗(yàn)，為堰塞壩應(yīng)急處置與國家自然災(zāi)害防治帶來啟示。</span><br><br></p><section><span style="font-size: 14px;">其中，紅石巖堰塞湖整治工程中的強(qiáng)震碎裂高陡邊坡整治關(guān)鍵技術(shù)、130米級(jí)堰塞壩防滲綜合治理、非接觸式地基干涉雷達(dá)掃描安全監(jiān)測等關(guān)鍵技術(shù)為類似堰塞壩應(yīng)急處置及整治利用提供參考和借鑒建議。</span></section></section></section></section><section><br></section></section></section></section></section><p><img src="/a1/202103/ce9768a5811b091d.jpg"><span style="font-size: 14px;">來源：云南發(fā)布</span></p><p><img src="/9c/202103/7c6ce22dba777485.jpg"></p><p></p></section></div><div id="0kk0ik4y0" class="bottom_word_relation"></div><div id="0kk0ik4y0" class="mobilebq" style="border: 1px solid #ddd; border-radius: 8px; margin-top:10px; background: #f1f1f1"><div style=" font-size: 12px;text-align:center; margin-top:10px; font-family: 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